obra:ga26:poder-ou-faculdade-100a103
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| + | ===== PODER OU FACULDADE (100-103) ===== | ||
| + | <tabbox Norro> | ||
| + | El término ‘facultad’ tiene un doble significado: | ||
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| + | En este punto se pone en claro que al doble concepto de potentia, facultad, le corresponde un doble concepto de actus. Tomás dice en el mismo lugar: Actus autem est duplex: scilicet primus, qui est forma; et secundus, qui est operatio. Pero el concepto de acto es doble: el ‘primero’ quiere decir el carácter de ser efectuado, (101) o mejor: la efectividad de algo, ‘forma’; | ||
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| + | Al actus qua forma le corresponde la potentia pasiva; al actus qua actio, la potentia activa. Pero el tipo de correspondencia es distinto en ambos pares de conceptos. Sobre esto, dice Tomás (Summa theologica I, q. XXY a. 1, ad 1): Potentia activa non dividitur contra actum, sed fundatur in eo; nam unumquodque agit secundum quod est in actu. Potentia vero passiva dividitur contra actum; nam unumquodque patitur, secundum quod est in potentia. La facultad de ejecutar no se distingue del actus qua efectividad, | ||
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| + | Éstas son distinciones importantes en la perspectiva ontológica general que durante mucho tiempo no han sido aceptadas ni interpretadas suficientemente. Hay que ver más allá de la forma escolar de una lista de distinciones. | ||
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| + | Leibniz delimita su concepto de vis activa, de fuerza, en relación a esta distinción de la potentia activa y pasiva, o más precisamente, | ||
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| + | Differt enim vis activa a potentia nuda vulgo scholis cognita, quod potentia activa Scholasticorum, | ||
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| + | “Pues se distingue (102) la vis activa de la mera facultad de producir, conocida por los escolásticos porque la facultad de producir o la capacidad de llevar a cabo no es más que la posibilidad inmediata de hacer, de efectuar que naturalmente necesita de un estímulo externo, algo así como un aguijón, para pasar al acto.” Por consiguiente, | ||
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| + | Sed vis activa actum quendam sive έντελέχειαν continet, atque inter facultatem agendi actionemque ipsam media est, est conatum involvit. (Ibid.; cf. también, infra, nisus, inclinación.) “Pero la vis activa contiene un determinado efectuar ya efectivo, es decir, una entelequia, es algo intermedio entre la mera capacidad de efectuar que está en reposo y el efectuar mismo e incluye dentro de sí un conatus, un intento.” | ||
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| + | En consecuencia, | ||
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| + | Lo característico en el impulso es que él, por sí mismo, lleva a efectuar y esto no de forma ocasional, sino de modo esencial. Este llevarse a sí a... no necesita de un acicate que proceda de otro sitio. El impulso es el estímulo que, precisamente por su naturaleza, es estimulado por sí mismo. Pero en el fenómeno del impulso no se encuentra sólo que él, por decirlo así, lleve consigo por sí mismo la causa, en el sentido del desencadenante (103), sino que el impulso, en cuanto tal, está siempre ya desencadenado, | ||
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| + | Después de esta explicación de la vis activa como impulso —traducirlo por ‘fuerza’ puede llevar a confusión porque precisamente por con facilidad suscita la representación de una propiedad en reposo-, Leibniz alcanza la determinación fundamental (470): Et hanc agendi virtutem omni substantitae inesse ajo, semperque aliquam ex ea actionem nasci. “Digo, por tanto, que esta fiieiza inhiere en toda sustancia (constituye su subs-tancialidad) y siempre da a luz un cierto efectuar”, | ||
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| + | Todo ente tiene este carácter de impulso, está determinado en su ser como impulsante. Este es el carácter metafísico fundamental de la mónada, con esto todavía no queda determinada la estructura de este impulso. | ||
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| + | <tabbox Heim> | ||
| + | The term “power” has a twofold meaning. It designates first the power to accomplish, the achieving itself, actus in the sense of actio. (81) The designation “power” seems to be attributed in the first place to this phenomenon, to the ability to accomplish. The primary occasion for developing the concept of possibility evidently stems from this phenomenon of power. Power in the second sense is the capacity to undergo, to allow something to be made out of itself. Power in this sense is an inclination towards, an aptitude. Its correlative term is actus in the sense of forma, actuality. “Power” as designating that which allows itself to be actualized as something seems to be a derivative meaning of the term. | ||
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| + | The twofold concept of potentia, power, clearly corresponds to the twofold concept of actus. Thomas says in the same passage: Actus autem est duplex: scilicet primus, qui est forma; et secundus, qui est operatio [Act, however, is twofold: first act, of course, is form; and second act is activity]. The concept of act is twofold. “First” act denotes enactedness, | ||
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| + | Potentia passiva corresponds to actus qua forma, and potentia activa corresponds to actus qua actio. But the sort of correspondence in both pairs of concepts differs. On this Thomas says in the Summa theologica I, q. xxv, a. 1, ad 1: | ||
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| + | Potentia activa non dividitur contra actum, sed fundatur in eo; nam unumquodque agit secundum quod est in actu. Potentia vero passiva dividitur contra actum; nam unumquodque patitur, secundum quod est in potentia. | ||
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| + | Active power is Not contrary to act, but is founded upon it, for everything acts inasmuch as it is actual; but passive power is contrary to act, for a thing is passive inasmuch as it is potential. | ||
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| + | The power to accomplish is not distinguished here from actus qua activity. That is, power to accomplish is not something independent, | ||
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| + | These are important distinctions for general ontology, and they have long been inadequately interpreted and assimilated. It is important (82) to see beyond the Scholastic form of a mere list of distinctions. | ||
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| + | Leibniz delineates his concept of active force (uis active) against this distinction between active and passive power. More exactly, he delineates it against active power. Vis activa and active power (potentia activa) seem literally to say the same. But: | ||
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| + | Differt enim vis activa a potentia nuda vulgo scholis cognita, quod potentia activa Scholasticorum, | ||
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| + | Active force differs from the mere power familiar to the Schools, far the active power or faculty of the Scholastics is nothing but an approximate possibility of acting, which needs an external excitation or stimulus, as it were, to be transferred into action. (L. 433) | ||
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| + | The potentia activa of the Scholastics is merely a disposition to act, a disposition which is about to act but does not yet act. It is an existing capability in something existing, a capability which has not yet come into play. | ||
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| + | Sed vis activa actum quendum sive entelecheia continet, atque inter facultatem agendi actionemque ipsam media est, et conatum involvit. (Ibid.; see also below for nisus, inclination.) | ||
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| + | But active force contains a certain act or ivrekexeut and is thus midway between the faculty of acting and the act itself and involves a conatus. (L. 433) | ||
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| + | The vis activa is then a certain activity and, nevertheless, | ||
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| + | Of itself, drive characteristically leads into activity, not just occasionally but essentially. This leading into requires no prior external stimulus. Drive is the impulse that in its very essence is self-propulsive. The phenomenon of drive not only brings along with it, as it were, the cause, in the sense of release, but drive is as such already released. It is triggered, however, in such a way that it is still always charged, still tensed. Drive correspondingly can be hindered in its thrust, but it is not in that case the same as a (83) merely static capability for acting. Removing the hindrance can nevertheless allow the thrust to become free. Drive, accordingly, | ||
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| + | After this clarification of vis activa as drive – the translation “force” is misleading because it easily leads to the notion of a static property – Leibniz arrives at the essential Definition: Et hanc agendi virtutem omni substantiae inesse ajo, semperque aliquam ex ea actionem nasci; “I say that this power of acting inheres in every substance (constitutes its substantiality) and that some action always arises from it” It is drive and is productive. Producere means: “to lead forth,” to come out of itself and maintain the outcome in itself. This definition as drive applies also to corporeal substances. When bodies impact on one another, the drive only becomes variously limited and restricted. The Cartesians overlooked this qui essentiam ejus (substantiae corporeae) in sola extensione ... collocaverunt (ibid.) . | ||
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| + | Every being has this character of drive and is defined, in its being, as having drive. This is the monad’s basic metaphysical feature, though the structure of drive has not yet been explicitly determined. | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | Der Titel »Vermögen« hat eine doppelte Bedeutung: Er besagt einmal das Vermögen zum Vollbringen; | ||
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| + | Hier wird deutlich: der Doppelbegriff von potentia, Vermögen, entspricht einem Doppelbegriff von actus. Thomas sagt an derselben Stelle: Actus autem est duplex: scilicet primus, qui est forma; et secundus, qui est operatio. Der Begriff der Wirkung aber ist ein zweifacher: der »erste« besagt Gewirktheit, | ||
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| + | Dem actus qua forma entspricht die potentia passiva, dem actus qua actio die potentia activa. Aber die Art der Entsprechung ist bei beiden Begriffspaaren verschieden. Darüber sagt Thomas (Summa theologica I, q. XXV, a. 1, ad 1): Potentia activa non dividitur contra actum, sed fundatur in eo; nam unumquodque agit secundum qoud est in actu. Potentia vero passiva dividitur contra actum; nam unumquodque patitur, secundum quod est in potentia. Das Vermögen zu vollbringen wird Nicht gegen den actus qua Wirklichkeit unterschieden, | ||
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| + | Dies sind in allgemeiner ontologischer Hinsicht wichtige Unterscheidungen, | ||
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| + | Gegen diesen Unterschied der potentia activa und passiva, genauer: gegen die potentia activa grenzt nun Leibniz seinen Begriff der vis activa, der Kraft ab. Vis activa und potentia activa scheinen dem Wortlaut nach dasselbe zu bedeuten. Aber (a.a.O.; Gerh. IV, 469): Differt enim vis activa a potentia nuda vulgo scholis cognita, quod potentia activa Scholasti-corum, | ||
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| + | Sed vis activa actum quendam sive ἐντελέχειαν continet, atque inter facultatem agendi actionemque ipsam media est, et conatum involvit. (Ebd.; vgl. auch unten: nisus, Geneigtheit.) »Die vis activa aber enthält ein gewisses schon wirkliches Wirken bzw. eine Entelechie, sie steht zwischen irme zwischen bloßer ruhender Wirkfähigkeit und dem Wirken selbst und schließt in sich einen conatus, ein Versuchen.« | ||
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| + | Also ist die vis activa ein gewisses Wirken und doch wiederum nicht die Wirkung im eigentlichen Vollzug, eine Fähigkeit, aber auch nicht eine ruhende Fähigkeit. Was Leibniz hier meint, nennen Wir Tendieren nach . . ., besser noch, um das spezifische, | ||
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| + | Das Charakteristische am Drang ist, daß er von sich aus ins Wirken sich überleitet, | ||
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| + | Nach dieser Klärung der vis activa als Drang – die Übersetzung »Kraft« ist irreführend, | ||
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| + | Jedes Seiende hat diesen Drangcharakter, | ||
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