obra:ga24:essentia-existentia-e-quem-169a171
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| + | ===== ESSENTIA-EXISTENTIA E " | ||
| + | <tabbox Casanova> | ||
| + | Se o ser-aí mostra uma constituição ontológica totalmente diversa do ente presente à vista e se existir em nosso uso terminológico significa algo diverso de existere e existentia (εἶναι), | ||
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| + | Já mostramos anteriormente a conexão entre a articulação fundamental do ser e a diferença ontológica. O problema da articulação do ser em essentia e existentia, formulado escolasticamente, | ||
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| + | (179) De início, contudo, anuncia-se para nós o problema de que, além do ente presente à vista (presença à vista), há um ente no sentido do ser-aí que existe. Mas esse ente que nós mesmos somos já não se achava desde sempre conhecido na filosofia e até mesmo no conhecimento pré-filosófico? | ||
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| + | <tabbox Hofstadter> | ||
| + | If the Dasein exhibits an ontological constitution completely different from that of the extant at-Hand, and if to exist, in our terminological usage, means something other than existere and existentia (einai), then it also becomes a question whether anything like Sachheit, thingness, whatness, reality, essentia, ousia, can belong to the ontological constitution of the Dasein. Sachheit, thingness, whatness, reality, realitas, or quidditas, is that which answers the question Quid est res, what is the thing? Even a rough consideration shows that the being that we ourselves are, the Dasein, cannot at all be interrogated as such by the question What is this? We gain access to this being only if we ask: Who is it? The Dasein is Not constituted by whatness but—if we may coin the expression—by whoness. The answer does not give a thing but an I, you, we. But on the other hand we still ask: What is this who and this whoness of the Dasein—what is the who in distinction from the aforementioned what in the narrower sense of the reality of the extant at-hand? No doubt we do ask such a question. But this only shows that this what, with which we also ask about the nature of the who, obviously cannot coincide with the what in the sense of whatness. In other words, the basic concept of essentia, whatness, first becomes really problematic in the face of the being we call the Dasein. The inadequate founding of the thesis as a universally ontological one becomes evident. If it is to have an ontological significance at all, then it is in need of a restriction and modification. It must be shown positively in which sense each being can be interrogated regarding its what but also in which sense a being must be queried by the who-question. Only from here on does the Problem of the distinctio between essentia and existentia become complicated. It is not only the question of the relationship of whatness and extantness but at the same time the question of the relationship of whoness and existence (Existenz) —existence understood in our sense as the mode of being of the being that we ourselves are. Formulated more generally, the thesis that essentia and existentia belong to each being merely points to the general problem of the articulation of each being into a being that it is and the how of its being. | ||
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| + | We have already pointed earlier to the connection between the basic articulation of being and the ontological difference. The problem of the articulation of being into essentia and existentia, formulated in Scholastic terms, is only a more special question touching on the ontological difference generally, the difference between a being and being. It now appears that the ontological difference is becoming more complicated, | ||
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| + | First, however, one problem makes its claim on our attention: besides the extant (at-hand extantness) there are beings in the sense of the Dasein, who exists. But this being which we ourselves are—Was this not always already known, in philosophy and even in pre-philosophical knowledge? Can one make such a fuss about stressing expressly the fact that besides the extant at-hand there is also this being that we ourselves are? After all, every Dasein, insofar as it is, always already knows about itself and knows that it differs from other beings. We ourselves said that for all its being oriented primarily to the extant at-hand, ancient ontology nevertheless is familiar with psuche, nous, logos, zoe, bios, soul, reason, life in the broadest sense. Of course. But it should be borne in mind that the ontical, factual familiarity of a being does not after all guarantee a suitable interpretation of its being. The Dasein is indeed already aware that it is not just another being which it experiences. At least the Dasein can be aware of it. Not every Dasein has this awareness; for example, mythical and magical thinking identifies things with itself. But even when the Dasein does take cognizance that it itself is not another being, this does not include the explicit knowledge that its mode of being is different from that of the being which it itself is not. Rather, as we see in the example of antiquity, the Dasein can ontologically interpret itself and its mode of being with regard to the extant at-hand and its way of being. The specific question about the ontological constitution of the Dasein gets blocked and confused by many preconceptions which are grounded in the Dasein’s own existence. That this is so will be made clear to us, among other things, by the discussion of the third thesis. It will aim above all at making generally plainer to us the problem of the multiplicity of ways of being extending beyond the uniqueness of mere at-hand extantness. | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | Wenn das Dasein eine völlig Andere Seinsverfassung zeigt als das Vorhandene und wenn Existieren in unserem terminologischen Gebrauch etwas anderes besagt als existere und existentia (εἶναι), | ||
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| + | Wir haben früher schon den Zusammenhang zwischen der Grundartikulation des Seins und der ontologischen Differenz angezeigt. Das Problem der Artikulation des Seins in essentia und existentia, scholastisch formuliert, ist nur eine speziellere Frage, die die ontologische Differenz überhaupt betrifft, d. h. den Unterschied zwischen Seiendem und Sein. Jetzt zeigt sich, daß die ontologische Differenz verwickelter wird, so formal dieser Unterschied sich anhört und ausnimmt. Verwickelter deshalb, weil unter dem Titel »Sein« jetzt nicht nur essentia und existentia stehen, sondern zugleich Werheit und Existenz in unserem Sinne. Die Artikulation des Seins variiert mit der jeweiligen Weise des Seins eines Seienden. Diese kann nicht auf Vorhandensein und Wirklichkeit im Sinne der Tradition eingeschränkt werden. Die Frage nach der möglichen Mannigfaltigkeit des Seins und damit zugleich die nach der Einheit des Begriffes von Sein überhaupt wird brennend. Zugleich wird die Leere Formel für die ontologische Differenz immer reicher an Problemgehalt. | ||
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| + | (171) Zunächst aber meldet sich für uns das eine Problem, daß außer dem Vorhandenen (Vorhandenheit) Seiendes ist im Sinne des Daseins, das existiert. Aber war nicht in der Philosophie und sogar schon im vorphilosophischen Erkennen dieses Seiende, das wir selbst sind, immer schon bekannt? Kann Man so viel Aufhebens machen von der ausdrücklichen Betonung, daß es außer dem Vorhandenen auch Seiendes gibt, das wir selbst sind? Alles Dasein weiß doch immer schon, sofern es ist, um sich selbst und weiß, daß es sich von anderem Seienden unterscheidet. Wir sagten doch selbst, daß in der antiken Ontologie, die zwar primär am Vorhandenen orientiert ist, doch ψυχή, νοὔς, λόγος, ζῷή, βίος, Seele, Vernunft, Leben im weitesten Sinne, bekannt sind. Allerdings; aber es ist zu bedenken, daß die ontische faktische Kenntnis eines Seienden nicht schon die angemessene Interpretation seines Seins verbürgt. Zwar ist dem Dasein bekannt, daß es anderes Seiendes, das es erfährt, nicht ist. Mindestens kann es dem Dasein bekannt sein. Es ist nicht jedem Dasein bekannt, sofern z. B. das mythische und magische denken die Dinge mit sich selbst identifiziert. Aber selbst wenn dem Dasein bekannt ist, daß es selbst anderes Seiendes nicht ist, so liegt darin noch nicht die explizite Erkenntnis, daß seine Seinsart eine andere ist als die des Seienden, das es selbst nicht ist. Das Dasein kann vielmehr, wie wir am Beispiel der Antike sehen, ontologisch sich selbst und seine Seinsart im Hinblick auf das Vorhandene und dessen Weise zu sein interpretieren. Die spezifische Frage nach der ontologischen Verfassung des Daseins wird durch mannigfache Vorurteile, die in der Existenz des Daseins selbst begründet sind, hintangehalten und verwirrt. Daß dem so ist, soll uns unter anderem die Erörterung der dritten These deutlich machen. Sie zielt vor Allem darauf, uns überhaupt das Problem einer Mannigfaltigkeit von Weisen des Seins, über die Einzigkeit des nur Vorhandenseins hinaus, näher zu bringen. | ||
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