estudos:dreyfus:dreyfus-taylor-20151-4-sujeito-objeto
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| + | ===== sujeito-objeto (2015:1-4) ===== | ||
| + | <tabbox Nossa tradução> | ||
| + | “UMA IMAGEM NOS MANTÉM CATIVOS” (Ein Bild hielt uns gefangen). É o que Wittgenstein fala no parágrafo 115 das Investigações Filosóficas. O que ele se refere é a poderosa imagem da mente-no-mundo que habita e subjaz ao que poderíamos chamar de moderna tradição epistemológica, | ||
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| + | Identificar a imagem seria apreender um grande erro, algo como um erro de estrutura, que distorce nossa compreensão e, ao mesmo tempo, nos impede de ver essa distorção pelo que ela é. | ||
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| + | Achamos que Wittgenstein estava certo sobre isso. Há um grande erro operando em nossa cultura, um tipo de (des)entendimento operativo do que é saber, que teve efeitos terríveis na teoria e na prática em vários domínios. Para resumir em uma fórmula conciliatória, | ||
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| + | Queremos chamar esse quadro " | ||
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| + | Este último ponto é o mais difícil de convencer. Sob todos os aspectos, Descartes passa na filosofia contemporânea por um pensador muito refutado. Sua maneira de fazer a distinção entre interior e exterior era através de uma diferenciação radical entre substâncias físicas e mentais, e esse dualismo tem muito poucos defensores hoje. Além disso, o elemento mediador, a ideia, esse conteúdo particularizado da mente, disponível para a introspecção, | ||
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| + | E, no entanto, algo essencial permanece. Tome a “virada linguística”. Para muitos filósofos hoje, se quiséssemos dar o conteúdo da mente, deveríamos recorrer não a pequenas imagens na mente, mas a algo como sentenças mantidas por um agente ou mais coloquialmente as crenças da pessoa. Essa mudança é importante, mas mantém intacta a estrutura mediativa. O elemento mediativo não é mais algo psíquico, mas " | ||
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| + | Tome então a virada materialista. Negamos o dualismo cartesiano negando um de seus termos. Não há " | ||
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| + | Alternativamente, | ||
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| + | “Interior” está recebendo um sentido materialista aqui, nesta “epistemologia naturalizada”. Nosso conhecimento do mundo externo vem “através” dos receptores, e então eles definem a fronteira, apenas de uma forma “científica”, | ||
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| + | Se alguém perguntar ao proponente da hipótese cérebro-na-cuba por que ele se concentra no cérebro, ele responderá algo no sentido de que o pensamento “sobrevém” ao cérebro. Mas como ele sabe disso? Como sabemos que você não precisa de mais do que o cérebro, talvez o cérebro e o sistema nervoso, ou talvez mesmo o organismo inteiro, ou (mais provavelmente) todo o organismo em seu ambiente, a fim de obter o que entendemos como percepção e pensamento? A resposta é que ninguém sabe. A hipótese do cérebro na cuba só parece plausível por causa da força da estrutura mediacional, | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | “A PICTURE HELD US CAPTIVE” (Ein Bild hielt uns gefangen). So speaks Wittgenstein in paragraph 115 of the Philosophical Investigations. What he is referring to is the powerful picture of mind-in-world which inhabits and underlies what we could call the modern epistemological tradition, which begins with Descartes. The point he wants to convey with the use of the word “picture” (Bild) is that there is something here different and deeper than a theory. It is a largely unreflected-upon background understanding which provides the context for, and thus influences all our theorizing in, this area. The claim could be interpreted as saying that mainline epistemological thinking, which descends from Descartes, has been contained within and hence shaped by this Not fully explicit picture; that this has been a kind of captivity, because it has prevented us from seeing what is wrong with this whole line of thought. At certain points, we are unable to think “outside the box,” because the picture seems so obvious, so commonsensical, | ||
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| + | To identify the picture would be to grasp a big mistake, something like a framework mistake, which distorts our understanding, | ||
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| + | We think Wittgenstein Was right about this. There is a big mistake operating in our culture, a kind of operative (mis)understanding of what it is to know, which has had dire effects on both theory and practice in a host of domains. To sum it up in a pithy formula, we might say that we (mis)understand knowledge as “mediational.” In its original form, this emerged in the idea that we grasp external reality through internal representations. Descartes, in one of his letters, declared himself “certain that I can have no knowledge of what is outside me except by means of the ideas I have within me” (assuré que je ne puis avoir aucune connaissance de ce qui est hors de moi, que par l’entremise des idées que j’ai eu en moi). This sentence makes sense against a certain topology of mind and world. The reality I want to know is outside the mind; my knowledge of it is within. This knowledge consists in states of mind which purport to represent accurately what is out there. When they do correctly and reliably represent this reality, then there is knowledge. I have knowledge of things only through (“by means of” ) these inner states, which we can call “ideas.” | ||
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| + | We want to call this picture “mediational” because of the force of the claim which emerges in the crucial phrase “only through.” In knowledge I have a kind of contact with outer reality, but I get this only through some inner states. One crucial aspect of the picture which is being taken as given here, and is thus on the road to being hardened into an unchallengeable context, is the inner-outer structure. The reality we seek to grasp is outside; the states whereby we seek to grasp it are inside. The mediating elements here are “ideas, | ||
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| + | This Last point is the hardest one to make convincing. In all sorts of ways, Descartes passes in contemporary philosophy for a much-refuted thinker. His way of making the inner-outer distinction was via a radical differentiation between physical and mental substances, and this dualism has very few defenders today. Moreover, the mediating element, the idea, this particulate content of the mind, available to introspection, | ||
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| + | And yet, something essential remains. Take the “linguistic turn.” For many philosophers today, if we wanted to give the contents of the mind, we should have recourse not to little images in the mind, but rather to something like sentences held true by an agent, or more colloquially the person’s beliefs. This shift is important, but it keeps the mediational structure intact. The mediating element is no longer something psychic, but rather “linguistic.” This allows it in a way to be “outside, | ||
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| + | Then take the materialist turn. We deny Cartesian dualism by denying one of its terms. There is no “mental substance, | ||
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| + | Alternatively, | ||
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| + | “Inner” is being given a materialist sense here, in this “naturalized epistemology.” Our knowledge of the external world comes in “through” the receptors, and so they define the boundary, only in a “scientific, | ||
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| + | If one asks the proponent of the brain-in-the-vat hypothesis why he focuses on the brain, he will reply something to the effect that thinking “supervenes on” the brain. But how does he know this? How do we know that you don’t need more than the brain, maybe the brain and nervous System, or maybe even the whole organism, or (more likely) the whole organism in its environment, | ||
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| + | </ | ||
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